{"id":11087,"date":"2026-09-25T13:09:25","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T11:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/news\/mandatory-adr-in-spain-as-a-precondition-to-litigation-one-year-on\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T13:09:25","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T11:09:25","slug":"mandatory-adr-in-spain-as-a-precondition-to-litigation-one-year-on","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/en\/procesal\/mandatory-adr-in-spain-as-a-precondition-to-litigation-one-year-on\/","title":{"rendered":"Mandatory ADR in Spain as a Precondition to Litigation: One Year On"},"content":{"rendered":"

Just over a year after the entry into force of Organic Law 1\/2025 on \u201cmeasures regarding the efficiency of the Public Justice Service\u201d, and the widespread introduction of Appropriate Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (MASC)<\/strong> as a procedural precondition<\/strong> in certain civil and commercial proceedings in Spain, court practice is beginning to provide criteria that help clarify how they are applied.<\/p>\n

Nevertheless, it is still far too early to confirm that fully uniform, consistent and settled criteria exist.<\/p>\n

The application of MASC continues to vary significantly between courts, which calls for particular caution in how they are approached and evidenced.<\/p>\n

Below, we examine the main issues raised by their practical application and the criteria that, after more than a year in force, are beginning to take shape in the Spanish courts.<\/p>\n

The problem<\/h2>\n

MASC were introduced with a clear purpose: to encourage the out-of-court resolution of disputes and reduce litigation, so that going to court would not be, in every case, the parties\u2019 first option.<\/p>\n

However, framing them as a procedural precondition may have the opposite effect: in certain cases, the requirement to prove a prior attempt at negotiation becomes an additional formal burden<\/strong> on access to effective judicial protection, particularly where there is no genuine willingness to reach an agreement.<\/p>\n

The problem in the courts: divergent judicial criteria<\/h3>\n

The main problem stems from the divergence of criteria between courts<\/strong>. What one court considers a sufficient attempt at negotiation may give rise to an order to rectify in another. Likewise, certain ways of evidencing the attempt may be deemed sufficient in one judicial district and questioned in another.<\/p>\n

During these first months of application, this divergence has forced practitioners to act with particular caution, given the uncertainty as to how the competent court will assess a MASC that, in similar circumstances, has previously been accepted by another court.<\/p>\n

The result is legal uncertainty<\/strong> that may shift onto the procedural plane an issue that ought to be essentially substantive: whether there has been a genuine and provable attempt to resolve the dispute out of court.<\/p>\n

The cost in time<\/h3>\n

\"Calendar<\/p>\n

The abundance of formalities is hardly efficient; the requirement to resort to a MASC beforehand is also having an impact in terms of time.<\/p>\n

Matters that, before April 2025, could go straight to court now include a preliminary stage that may add between thirty and ninety days<\/strong> to the start of proceedings, without there necessarily being, in every case, a real willingness to negotiate.<\/p>\n

The requirement is formally met, but the aim pursued by the legislation \u2014 avoiding litigation through agreement \u2014 is not always achieved.<\/p>\n

A study published in January 2026 found that 90%<\/strong> of the practitioners surveyed considered that these requirements slowed proceedings down, while only 4.3% perceived greater speed.<\/p>\n

The lack of official criteria<\/h3>\n

Added to this is the still limited availability of official data with which to assess the real impact of MASC on litigation levels and the length of proceedings.<\/p>\n

The same study indicated that only 4% of the lawyers surveyed perceived uniform criteria, compared with 71%<\/strong> who considered their application to be highly inconsistent.<\/p>\n

The consequence is clear: the efficiency sought by the reform currently coexists with a landscape of procedural uncertainty.<\/p>\n

What we can say with confidence<\/h2>\n

After a year in force, and despite all the problems mentioned, the application of the Law is producing a number of consistent criteria across several Provincial Courts of Appeal (Audiencias Provinciales)<\/strong> that correct the initial formalism.<\/p>\n

For example, on rectifiable defects: where no attempt at negotiation has been made at all, the defect may be incurable<\/strong>. However, where the attempt has taken place and the problem lies solely in how it is evidenced, courts have been allowing rectification under Article 231 of the Spanish Civil Procedure Act (LEC)<\/strong>, so that a formal defect does not lead directly to the claim being dismissed.<\/p>\n

A flexible interpretation as to the means used also appears to be taking hold. Burofax holds no monopoly<\/strong>: any means may be used that reliably evidences the identity of the parties, the content, the date and the receipt of the communication, including email or text messages.<\/p>\n

\"Sending<\/p>\n

Likewise, the recipient\u2019s failure to respond does not necessarily prevent the attempt from being deemed made, provided the communication was properly addressed. The sworn statement under Article 264.4 LEC<\/strong>, for its part, should be reserved for cases in which there is genuinely no known means of contact.<\/p>\n

Ultimately, what matters is not the medium used, but that the communication leaves a reliable trail<\/strong> and is sent through the usual or agreed channel between the parties.<\/p>\n

Our approach<\/a><\/h2>\n

The correct use and evidencing of MASC may determine whether a claim is admitted or rejected, which is why they should be built into the litigation strategy from the outset.<\/p>\n

At Navarro Llima Abogados<\/strong>, we closely monitor developments in MASC and the criteria applied by the various courts, tailoring our approach to each specific case.<\/p>\n

We do not see them as a mere formal requirement, but as a tool for seeking an effective out-of-court solution, without ever neglecting our client\u2019s procedural position. Our aim is to maximise the chances of reaching an agreement and avoiding litigation where legally viable, while preparing the way to court in parallel whenever it proves necessary.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Just over a year after the entry into force of Organic Law 1\/2025 on “measures regarding the efficiency of the Public Justice Service”, and the widespread introduction of Appropriate Dispute Resolution Mechanisms (MASC) as a procedural precondition in certain civil and commercial proceedings in Spain,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11086,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1329],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-procesal"],"yoast_head":"\nMandatory ADR in Spain as a Precondition to Litigation: One Year On - Navarro Llima Abogados<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"One year on from Organic Law 1\/2025: mandatory ADR in Spain as a precondition to litigation, divergent court rulings, rectification and valid means.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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