{"id":10447,"date":"2026-02-27T07:44:49","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T06:44:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/news\/competition-law-key-concepts-on-collusive-practices\/"},"modified":"2026-02-27T07:44:49","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T06:44:49","slug":"competition-law-key-concepts-on-collusive-practices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/en\/compliance-criminal-law\/competition-law-key-concepts-on-collusive-practices\/","title":{"rendered":"Competition Law: Key Concepts on Collusive Practices"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>At <strong>Navarro Llima Abogados<\/strong>, we understand that collaboration between companies (even among competitors) is not only common but often necessary and beneficial for innovation, efficiency, and economic progress. However, the law draws a fine line between what is considered lawful cooperation and what constitutes collusive conduct.<\/p>\n<p>Crossing that line, whether intentionally or through lack of awareness, can have devastating consequences for a company: multi-million-euro fines, prohibition from contracting with the public sector, and even sanctions against company executives.<\/p>\n<h2>General Rule: Prohibition of Agreements That Restrict Competition<\/h2>\n<p>The core principle of Spanish and European regulations is the general prohibition of anticompetitive agreements. Article 1 of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-12946\">Law 15\/2007 on the Defense of Competition<\/a> prohibits any agreement between companies that has as its object or effect the prevention, restriction, or distortion of competition.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Difference Between Object and Effect:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Restrictions by Object:<\/strong> These are practices that, by their very nature, are considered harmful to competition. Case law has made it clear that in such cases, it is not necessary to demonstrate negative effects on the market for them to be sanctioned. This category includes the most serious agreements, such as price-fixing, market allocation, and production limitations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Restrictions by Effect:<\/strong> These are agreements that, even if they do not have an evident anticompetitive objective, produce or may produce a negative impact on competition. In these cases, authorities must conduct a detailed analysis of the economic context, market structure, and the position of the companies involved.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10431\" src=\"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Pr\u00e1cticas colusorias, conceptos b\u00e1sicos\" width=\"685\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-scaled.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-1024x650.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-768x488.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-1536x975.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-2048x1300.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/bottom-rise-usa-contemporary-modern-700x444.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>When Is Cooperation Lawful?<\/h3>\n<p>Not all forms of collaboration are prohibited. The legal framework therefore provides for so-called \u201csafe harbours\u201d through the Block Exemption Regulations.<\/p>\n<p>These regulations authorize, under strict conditions (such as market share thresholds), certain types of agreements whose pro-competitive benefits are deemed to outweigh their potential negative effects. Some examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Horizontal cooperation agreements (between competitors):<\/strong> such as research and development (R&amp;D) agreements or specialization agreements, which may promote innovation and efficiency.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vertical agreements (between companies operating at different levels of the supply chain):<\/strong> such as exclusive or selective distribution agreements, which may enhance the marketing and distribution of products.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is therefore crucial to assess whether a given agreement falls within one of these exemptions and fully complies with all applicable requirements, in order to avoid the risk of sanctions.<\/p>\n<h3>Potential Consequences of Collusive Practices<\/h3>\n<p>It is important to understand that the responsibility for assessing the legality of an agreement rests directly with the companies themselves. This is known as the \u201cself-assessment\u201d system.<\/p>\n<p>An error in this assessment may lead to several consequences, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fines:<\/strong> Very serious infringements may result in fines of up to 10% of the company\u2019s total turnover.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sanctions against directors and officers:<\/strong> Legal representatives involved in the infringement may face fines of up to \u20ac60,000.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Exclusion from public procurement:<\/strong> The company may be barred from participating in public tenders.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Damages claims:<\/strong> Customers or competitors harmed by the anticompetitive conduct may bring civil actions seeking compensation for the losses caused by the unlawful practice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8162\" src=\"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Compliance de competencia\" width=\"718\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-scaled.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-2048x1367.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/05\/handshake-business-men-concept-700x467.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>The Best Defense: Prevention and Advice<\/h2>\n<p><strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"196\">Without prejudice to leniency programs<\/strong>, which are measures applied after an unlawful practice has occurred, allowing a company to significantly mitigate the consequences of its actions by reporting the cartel to the authorities and cooperating with them, the proper way to protect against potential sanctions is to establish a <strong data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"519\">competition compliance program<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>This compliance program must be implemented <strong>fully and across all relevant departments<\/strong> of the company whose activities may give rise to collusive practices. Key measures to implement include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Training employees<\/strong> in the risks and warning signs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Establishing a risk identification system.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Setting clear protocols<\/strong> for responding to identified situations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Properly documenting agreements<\/strong> that, while potentially lawful, may be subject to review by the authorities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At <a href=\"https:\/\/www.navarrollimaabogados.com\/en\/about-us\/\"><strong>Navarro Llima Abogados<\/strong><\/a>, we have extensive experience in <strong>competition law<\/strong>, both in preventive matters and in defending companies in sanction proceedings. For over 20 years, we have effectively helped establish a secure legal framework within our clients\u2019 businesses. We invite you to contact us at info@navarrollimaabogados.com.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At Navarro Llima Abogados, we understand that collaboration between companies (even among competitors) is not only common but often necessary and beneficial for innovation, efficiency, and economic progress. However, the law draws a fine line between what is considered lawful cooperation and what constitutes collusive&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10446,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1334],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-compliance-criminal-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Competition Law: Key Concepts on Collusive Practices - Navarro Llima Abogados<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover what collusive practices are and how a competition compliance program can protect your company.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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